APA Citation and Reference Style

Text Citations Example #1 -- A quotation: List the author(s), date of publication and page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence with the quotation.

Does geographic information science merit recognition as a distinct field? Some claim that the distinction is justified, but only if "we...first establish that spatial, or rather, geographical, data are unique" (Goodchild 1992, p. 32).

Paraphrasing: Most often you will cite ideas rather than quotations. Your ability to paraphrase and build upon the work of others constitutes more convincing evidence of your professional and intellectual development than your ability to assemble series of quotations. The Student Judicial Services office at the University of Texas has published the following excellent explanation of proper paraphasing (note the extended quotation is set apart as a "block quote"):

Like a direct quotation, a paraphrase is the use of another's ideas to enhance one's own work. For this reason, a paraphrase, just like a quotation, must be cited. In a paraphrase, however, the author rewrites in his or her own words the ideas taken from the source. Therefore, a paraphrase is not set within quotation marks. So, while the ideas may be borrowed, the borrower's writing must be entirely original; merely changing a few words or rearranging words or sentences is not paraphrasing. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the writing of the original is plagiarized.

Good writers often signal paraphrases through clauses such as "Werner Sollors, in Beyond Ethnicity, argues that..." Such constructions avoid excessive reliance on quotations, which can clog writing, and demonstrate that the writer has thoroughly digested the source author's argument. A full citation, of course, is still required. When done properly, a paraphrase is usually much more concise than the original and always has a different sentence structure and word choice. Yet no matter how different from the original, a paraphrase must always be cited, because its content is not original to the author of the paraphrase (Student Judicial Services Center, University of Texas, no date).

Text Citations Example #2 -- A paraphrased idea: List author and the date in parentheses at the end of the relevant sentence.

Goodchild (1992) argues that geographic information science ought to be considered a distinct field because georeferenced data embody unique characteristics. B. Graphics Citations

B. Graphics Citations

In the same way that you may quote and acknowledge limited passages of published text, you may also include illustrations created by others in your assignments. However, works produced by others included in your assignments without acknowledgement are considered to be plagiarized. What constitutes proper acknowledgement for graphics? That depends on the affiliation of the author(s).

Public domain graphics: Any illustration produced by an employee of an agency of the U.S. government is said to be in the "public domain"--meaning that it is not subject to copyright, and can be reused without permission. Students should acknowledge such works, however, with the names or affiliations of the authors and the publication date, as shown in Example 1 below. Full citations should follow in the reference list at the end of your report.

Graphics Citations Example #1 - Public domain source.

Choropleth map showing nominal-level data. (Brewer and Suchan 2001).

Copyrighted graphics: Any illustration not produced by an employee of an agency of the U.S. government is protected by copyright law. In general, copyrighted illustrations should only be used with authors' written permission. A provision of copyright law called "fair use" permits reuse of copyrighted illustrations for strictly educational purposes, however. (You can learn more about fair use at http://fairuse.stanford.edu). In the context of this program, you may reuse copyrighted illustrations without permission provided that you include in your caption a parenthetical citation with the names or affiliations of the authors and the publication date. Additionally, you must acknowledge the authors' copyright, and state that you have used the illustration for educational purposes only. Full citations should follow in the reference list at the end of your report.

Graphics Citations Example #2 - Copyrighted source.

Trade areas defined by 3 miles travel distance (blue) and 8 minutes travel time (yellow) (Francica 1999). ©1999 Geodezix. All rights reserved. Reproduced here for educational purposes only.

C. References

At the end of your report, you must list the full bibliographic citations of the works you have used. References should include the following:

• Author(s) name(s)
• Publication date
• Publication title
• Editors (if publication appears in an edited collection)
• Edition title and number (if applicable)
• URL (if applicable)
• Date accessed (for Web publications)
• City, State and Name of publisher (if applicable)
• Page number (for quotations from printed sources)

Reference Examples in APA Style

Delaney, R. (n.d.). Citation Style for Research Papers. B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library, C.W. Post Campus, Long Island University. Retrieved November 11, 2003, from http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citation.htm

Brewer, C.A. & Suchan, T.C. (2001). Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 8, 2003, from http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/atlas/censr01-104.pdf

Cooke, D.F. (1997). Topology and TIGER: The Census Bureau's Contribution. In Timothy W. Foresman (Ed.) The History of Geographic Information Systems: Perspectives from the Pioneers, pp. 47-57. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall PTR.

Francica, J. (1999). Geodezix Consulting. Retrieved October 8, 1999, from http://www.geodezix.com

Goodchild, M. (1992). Geographical Information Science. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 6(1), 31-45.

Student Judicial Services Center, University of Texas. (n.d.). Academic Intergrity. Retrieved January 13, 2004, from http://deanofstudents.utexas.edu/sjs/academicintegrity2.html

Sutton, P. (1997). Modeling Population Density with Night-time Satellite Imagery and GIS. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems, 21(3/4), 227-244.

United States Geological Survey. (2000). Map Projections Poster. Retrieved October 2, 2003, from http://mac.usgs.gov/mac/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html

U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data, P82. PER CAPITA INCOME IN 1999 (DOLLARS). Retrieved November 12, 2003, from http://factfinder.census.gov